28 December 2011

Transportation Systems

Transportation is something most of us use every day, but notice only when it bothers us or stops working correctly. Every week I take the subway to campus and back and take a local train to visit nearby relatives, but I rarely stop to think about how this wouldn't be possible at all in Minneapolis because of the lack of reliable rail service and infrastructure. On the occasions that I do stop to think about the transportation I use every day I realize how different the transportation systems in the US and Germany (and in Minneapolis and Munich) are. Even if I had a car and could use the road system I would be noticing some big differences:

The first thing most Americans will notice when first driving on German highways is the stretches where there is absolutely no speed limit. While it seems a little odd at first that this is the same country where you can get ticketed for passing a car on the right, or even driving in a left lane when the one to the right of you is free, it makes sense when you realize that it can be more dangerous to disrupt the normal flow of traffic than to drive very fast. Also, German drivers generally don't drive faster than they feel is safe.

The other major difference in road travel, besides the fact that German drivers seem to be, in general, much better (more attentive) drivers than the ones in Minnesota, is in the structure of road networks. Most large German cities, including Munich, existed long before cars or even horses and carriages were in common use. They grew slowly, starting with a wall around the inner city, then eventually broke out of that wall and absorbed smaller cities nearby. The roads developed slowly along with the city, eventually forming a radial pattern with the oldest part of the city in the center. This historic city center is often a pedestrian zone; car travel is limited in this area.

Large American cities, by contrast, usually have a pronounced grid pattern in their street layouts and the entire city is usually directly accessible by car. This is probably the result of deliberate planning due to the fast growth of these cities. Even outside of cities this pattern is apparent: Most of the farmland in the large, flat parts of the US is divided by roads into neatly tessellating squares and rectangles, giving the land the appearance of a patchwork quilt when viewed from the sky. This isn't the case in Germany, where farms generally have a more irregular shape.

Where the American and German transportation systems differ the most, of course, is in passenger rail infrastructure. American regional and inter-city rail service is either slow, unreliable, or rarely available in most parts of the country. For the majority of Americans it isn't an attractive option for any kind of travel. The only options these Americans have for inter-city travel are car or airplane travel, neither of which is particularly comfortable or enjoyable.

Germany, on the other hand, has an extensive rail network that reaches every major city, just about every small city, and even some large villages across the entire country. Train travel is a viable option for those who do not own cars, along with car sharing or comparably-priced flights. The service is usually punctual and has a frequency of at least one train every one or two hours at most stations. The trains are usually fast and comfortable, with the extreme being the high-speed InterCity-Express service that can travel up to 300 km/h and is the most comfortable vehicle in which I have ever traveled (except the one time I flew on business class, but that was orders of magnitude more expensive than a typical ICE rail ticket). Compared to car travel, train travel is comparable in cost (depending on the level of train speed and comfort) and often is about as fast, occasionally even faster (also depending on the location of your start point and destination).

Perhaps most Americans simply prefer the flexibility and independence offered by cars over the comfort, low cost, and safety offered by trains. Perhaps the US's geographic size and relatively low population density make trains an impractical option compared to cars and airplanes. Whatever the reason, America's passenger rail network has a long way to go to match the efficiency, popularity, and ubiquity of Germany's network.

Until now I've covered road and rail networks on a regional and national scale. This leaves out an important component of transportation networks, namely public transportation within cities. It's hard to make national generalizations in this area, mostly because each city seems to take a unique approach to public transportation. Since I have used the transportation systems of both Munich and Minneapolis/St. Paul extensively, I'll profile them as examples. I should note that the city of Munich is considerably larger than Minneapolis/St. Paul. Munich's population is about one million, while Minneapolis/St. Paul have a combined population of close to one-half million, although many more people live in the sprawling suburbs that surround the cities proper.

Munich has a dense, extensive, and robust public transportation system. Its high-capacity backbone consists of the U-Bahn, a subway system of six lines, and the S-Bahn, a collection of suburban trains consisting of twelve spokes that join in the city center to form a single trunk line. These trains are usually fast and punctual (the U-Bahn more so than the S-Bahn). The stations and trains are clean and safe. Although the system sees heavy use and trains can get crowded during peak hours and football games, overcrowding on a scale comparable to the Tokyo subways is very rare. With an extensive streetcar and bus network supplementing the U- and S-Bahn, almost any place in the city and most of the surrounding towns can be reached from the public transportation network. In addition, bicycle paths are available along most streets as another alternative to car travel.

Minneapolis and St. Paul have no real subway system. The transit system for this metropolitan area consists chiefly of a bus system which provides good coverage within the city limits and connects busy areas like the downtowns and the U of M campuses. The city had a streetcar network but this was dismantled in the 1950s because a bus system was thought to be more economical. Rail seems to be making a comeback, however, with the recent construction of a light rail line (a sort of compromise between streetcar and subway) with another line currently under construction and a third in planning. Bicycling is especially prominent in Minneapolis/St. Paul: Bike paths are common and all buses and trains are outfitted with bike racks. Biking is especially popular among university students, who (unlike in Munich) usually live within short biking distance of campus. In the suburbs, however, transit coverage is usually spotty and limited to commercial centers. Because of this and the sheer geographic sprawl of the suburbs, residents there are often left with car travel as the only practical option.

It's been interesting to look at how two different countries, or two different cities, solved the fundamental problem of getting people from one place to another. It's a sign of how far modern society has come with this task when I can step into a train in one place, step out fifteen minutes and ten kilometers later, repeat this daily with hundreds or thousands of other people and not even give it a second thought most of the time.

09 December 2011

... und Trinken

Dies wird ein langer Eintrag sein. Wenn Sie nur über minderjähriges und überschüssiges Alkohol-Trinken in der USA und Deutschland lesen wollen, können Sie fünf Absätze weiter lesen.

Erstens möchte ich eine Ergänzung zum letzten Eintrag machen: Ich erwähnte, dass es in der USA so wie hier die drei Mahlzeiten Frühstück, Mittagsessen, und Abendessen gibt. Ich habe aber nicht erwähnt, dass man hier viel häufiger Kaffee und Kuchen am Nachmittag isst als in der USA; diese Mahlzeit ist dort eher unbekannt.

Jetzt für das eigentliche Thema dieses Eintrags, nämlich die Rolle von Getränke in die amerikanische und die deutsche Gesellschaft: Ich merke, dass in Deutschland alkoholische Getränke viel öfter als in der USA in die Öffentlichkeit getrunken werden. Ich nehme zuerst Restaurants als Beispiel: In die USA trinken ziemlich wenig Leute alkoholische Getränke mit dem Essen im Restaurant; es ist viel gewöhnlicher, dass man Wasser, Milch, eine Art Fruchtsaft, oder eine Sorte Cola oder Limonade trinkt. Es gibt natürlich Ausnahmen, aber es sieht selten so aus wie in den berühmten Münchner Biergärten.

In andere öffentliche Orte ist es ähnlich. In München sieht man oft eine Person (meistens eine Gruppe davon) die auf den Straßen oder in der U-Bahn aus Bierflaschen trinken, und leider manchmal auch dabei laut und tonlos singen. In vielen amerikanischen Städten dagegen, z.B. New York, ist es verboten, Alkohol in der Öffentlichkeit zu trinken (Restaurants werden wohl nicht streng als öffentliche Orte gesehen). Deswegen sieht man auch manchmal Leute, die aus eine verdächtig aussehende Papiertüte trinken, ob einfach auf der Straße oder in Filme, die in New York stattfinden.

Diese Unterschiede kann man meistens auf kulturelle Tradition zurückführen. Es ist bekannt, dass in Bayern Bier eigentlich kein Alkohol, sondern ein Lebensmittel ist. Auch beim Oktoberfest sieht man, dass Bier trinken und sogar ganz besoffen werden nicht so ein soziales Stigma wie in die USA hat. Die USA wurde vorwiegend von Puritanern gegründet, und ihre strengen sozialen Regeln überleben noch heute. Wahrscheinlich deshalb wird das Alkohol trinken, sowie z.B. die Nacktheit in der Öffentlichkeit immer noch als einigermaßen abscheulich gesehen.

Minderjähriges und Überschüssiges Trinken


Letztens wollte ich noch über minderjähriges und überschüssiges Trinken schreiben (Hier heißt "überschüssiges Trinken" Alkohol trinken, nur um betrunken zu werden, also im Volksmund so etwas wie "Saufen"). Dieses Thema ist, zumindest in der USA, ziemlich umstritten, also wenn Sie im Kommentar etwas darüber schreiben wollen, schreiben Sie bitte mit etwas Vernunft und Respekt, um keinen wörtlichen Krieg auszulösen.

In der USA darf man meistens erst ab 21 Jahre Alkohol trinken. Es gibt in manchen Staaten Ausnahmen z.B. wenn man in Gesellschaft der Eltern ist. Nun, wenn ich sagen würde, dass die meisten jungen Leute dieses Gesetz folgen, würde man mich fragen, wie viele rosarote Brillen ich gerade trage. In Wirklichkeit ist das minderjährige Trinken unter amerikanischen Studenten (auch bei der U of M) ganz weit verbreitet. Für manche Studenten hat dies tragische Folgen.

Eher ich in Deutschland als Student lebte, dachte ich, dass der Grund, warum so viele amerikanische Studenten Alkohol trinken war, dass der Alter von 21 einfach zu hoch war und dass diese Studenten nur aus absichtliche Missachtung trinken. Jetzt sehe ich aber, dass Studenten in Deutschland wahrscheinlich genauso viel, oder vielleicht sogar mehr, übermäßig trinken wie Studenten in Amerika. Der einzige große Unterschied ist, dass in Deutschland die Partys, wo gesoffen wird, öffentlich beworben werden können. Ich glaube, dass saufende Studenten über viele Kulturen eine Konstante ist, daher hilft es wahrscheinlich wenig, den Alter für Alkohol trinken in Amerika zu erniedrigen. Leute die, wie ich, glauben, dass das Alkohol trinken eine schöne und vielleicht auch bedeutsame Freiheit ist, die jedoch nicht missbraucht werden sollte und auch wenn nötig einige Jahre warten kann, sollten mit dem Amerikanischen Alkohol-Alter kein Problem haben. Und diejenige, die trotzdem Alkohol trinken wollen, werden schon irgendwie ein Weg dazu finden.

Das Beste wahrscheinlich, dass man gegen das überschüssige Trinken machen kann, ist die Schaden, die daraus folgen einzuschränken. Zum Beispiel, es gibt in den meisten Ländern Gesetze gegen betrunkenes Fahren (auf Englisch "Driving While Intoxicated" oder DWI). Meine Meinung nach sind aber die meisten solchen Gesetze nicht streng genug. Man sollte nie ein schnelles, tonnenschweres, und möglicherweise tödliches Fahrzeug betreiben, wenn man betrunken ist. Wen man das gemacht hat heißt das fast immer, dass man zum sicheren Betrieb eines PkWs grundsätzlich nicht fähig ist.

Weitere Information zu Gesetze über betrunkenes Fahren in anderen Ländern finden Sie bei aufschlussreiche Seite (auf Englisch). Der Vergleich mit den Gesetzen in der USA ist jedoch nicht so hilfreich, da diese Gesetze von einzelnen Bundesstaaten festgelegt werden und meistens immer von Staat zu Staat anders sind. Als repräsentatives Beispiel können Sie in die DWI-Gesetze von meinen Heimatstaat Minnesota schauen (ebenfalls auf Englisch).

Nächste Woche vergleiche ich die Bewegungssysteme der beiden Ländern, insbesondere Straßen, Autobahnen, Schienennetze, und städtische öffentliche Verkehrsmittel.

... and Drink

This is going to be a long post. If you'd like to hear my thoughts on underage and excessive drinking, skip down six paragraphs.

First, I'd like to make a correction, or rather an addition, to last week's post: I mentioned that in Germany three meals are generally eaten in a day. I forgot to mention that it's often customary to have coffee and cake anywhere between three and five in the afternoon (like tea-time in the UK, except with coffee). It's not a universal custom; this meal is understandably absent in the normal budget-conscious student's day.

Now for the central subject matter, namely, the role of alcoholic beverages in German and American societies: The public consumption of alcoholic beverages in Germany is markedly more common than in the US. I'll take restaurants as an example: It's probably safe to say that a significant fraction of Americans don't regularly drink alcohol at restaurants. In German restaurants, however, it's rare to see someone who isn't drinking beer or wine. This is most pronounced in Germany's famous beer gardens, where everyone except children orders a beer with their food. In the higher-end restaurants it's the same thing with wine in the place of beer. In fact, it's rare to have anything but beer, wine, or water with a meal other than breakfast or coffee-and-cake.

In other public places the situation is similar. In many American cities it's illegal to drink alcohol on the streets and other public spaces (I'm guessing restaurants don't technically count as public spaces); this is the reason you may see people taking drinks out of suspicious-looking paper bags on city streets. In Munich, there either doesn't seem to be a law against it or it's never enforced, because people with half-liter beer bottles are a common sight on the streets and sometimes on the trains and subways (which is, unfortunately, where they like to sing loud, slurred, out-of-tune songs).

All these differences lead back to cultural traditions. It's said that in Bavaria (the German state of which Munich is the capital) beer is not alcohol; it's food. Drinking good beer is one of the main Bavarian traditions besides wearing a Lederhosen or a Dirndl, the dress you'd see most often at Oktoberfest. Speaking of Oktoberfest, how did I get this far in the post without mentioning it? It's one of the most spectacular displays in the world of old traditions mixed with gaudy fairground rides and rampant alcoholism! It shows that drinking alcohol and even getting incredibly drunk don't have nearly the social stigma that they do in the US.

I'm guessing this stigma exists in the US in the first place because the country was founded predominantly by Puritans, whose conservative social rules have survived in some form to the present day. This would also explain, for example, the relative intolerance of nudity in the US as compared to other European countries.


Excessive and Underage Drinking


Finally, I wanted to bring up the topic of the drinking age and the related topic of excessive drinking (here meaning drinking specifically for the purpose of getting drunk). This is a tough topic to cover neutrally, so I'll do the best I can. If you notice a significant bias in this section that you'd like to point out, please do so in the comments without starting a flame war. First, the basic facts: In the US the general drinking age is 21 for any type of alcohol, with state-to-state exceptions for drinking in the company of responsible adults. In Germany it is allowed to drink beer or wine at 16 and all other alcoholic beverages at 18. Now, if I were to tell you that everyone, or even most people, follow the drinking-age laws in the US you would probably ask me how many pairs of rose-colored glasses I was wearing. Underage drinking happens commonly on American college campuses (including the U of M), occasionally with tragic consequences.

Before living as a student in Germany, I was of the opinion that this excessive drinking was happening because the drinking age was so high and students were drinking out of defiance. It's possible, however, that the drinking happens just as much in German universities as in American ones. Every week I see a new party advertised in the student residences where the sole theme is to get as drunk as possible. One example of this is a party advertisement that used a poster for a drinking awareness campaign, retitling "Alcohol: Know your limit" to "Alcohol: Blow your limit." I think it's pretty safe to say that excessive drinking at the student age is a constant across many cultures. Because of this I don't think lowering the drinking age in America will help the problem of underage drinking much. I view drinking as a freedom that's nice and symbolic, but shouldn't be abused and can be abstained from for a few years. Other Americans who view drinking in this way should be fine with keeping the drinking age the way it is, while those who really want to drink will always find a way to do so.

The most effective thing that really can be done against excessive drinking is to limit the damage that it does. Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) laws are one example of this, although in my personal opinion most aren't tough enough. Operating a fast-moving two-ton piece of machinery should never be done under the influence of significant amounts of alcohol, and if you have done this before that's almost always enough evidence that you're not qualified to drive a car at all.

For more information on DWI laws in various countries you can visit this informative website. More specific information on DWI laws in various US states is only one Web search away; here's a summary of Minnesota's laws on the subject as a representative example.

Next week I'll compare the transportation systems of Germany and the US, including road, rail, and public transportation infrastructure.


02 December 2011

Essen...

Ein Teil der Kultur, der uns alle jeden Tag bemerkbar ist, ist das Essen und Trinken. Aus diesem Grund kann man vieles über eine Kultur lernen, indem man merkt, welche Rolle das Essen und Trinken in der Kultur spielt.

Frühstück, Mittagsessen, und Abendessen gibt es in der USA so wie hier. Der Unterschied leigt in die Größe des Mahls: In die USA ist das Abendessen meistens die größte Mahlzeit. Zum Mittagsessen gibt es oft etwas kleines wie ein Wurstbrot oder etwas zum Mitnehmen. Vielleicht aus diesem Grund gibt es bei Mensen in amerikanischen Unis nicht nur Mittagsessen, sondern ein großes Abendessen und ein Frühstück dazu.

Das Essen im Restaurant ist eigentlich ziemlich ähnlich in der USA und in Deutschland. Der einzige wesentliche Unterschied ist, dass es viel wenigere Restaurants mit Sitzplatz im Freien in der USA gibt als in Deutschland. Dies liegt höchstwahrscheinlich daran, dass amerikanische Städte mehr für Autos als Fußgänger gewachsen sind, also weniger Platz für Sitzplätze draußen haben.

Unterschiede gibt es auch im Essen zum Mitnehmen, oder "Fast Food", wie es in die USA genannt wird. In die USA gibt es ganz viele Restaurants mit billigem und oft fettigen und ungesunden Essen, die nur zum Satt werden geeignet sind. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu die Bratwurst- und Dönerständer, die man in München öfter auf die Straße sieht als McDonald's.

Bei amerikanischen Studenten ist das Essen auch etwas anders. In die meisten Studentenwohnheime gibt es Mensen, die alle drei Mahlzeiten anbieten. Studenten müssen oft nicht kochen lernen, bis sie in einer eigenen Wohnung umziehen. Dieses passiert übrigens bei vielen Unis erst nach dem Hochschulabschluss, da sie genug Platz haben, um alle Studenten alle vier Jahre eine Wohnung anzubieten. Bei der U of M dagegen, wo mehr als fünfzigtausend Studenten untergebracht werden müssen, ziehen viele Studenten bereits nach dem ersten Jahr in eine Wohnung um, die dem Campus nahe liegen. Dieses Thema liegt übrigens dem Thema der Eigenständigkeit der Studenten nahe, der im ersten Eintrag erwähnt wurde.

Also, was sagen diese Unterschiede über unsere Kulturen? Ich glaube, in Deutschland spielt die Tradition eine größere Rolle im Essen und Trinken als in der USA, wo sie durch praktische Bedürfnisse ersetzt wird (was übrigens auch in Deutschland zu passieren scheint, aber weniger als in der USA). Diese Beobachtung lässt sich wahrscheinlich auch auf die ganze Kultur, nicht nur das Essen, erweitern.

Letztens, falls Sie sich fragen, warum Auslassungspunkte im Titel stehen: Weil ich so viel über das Essen und Trinken zu sagen habe, habe ich das Teil über Trinken zum nächsten Eintrag verschoben, was Sie nächste Woche erwarten können.

Food...

One aspect of culture that affects all of us each day is the topic of food and drink. For this reason, it's possible to get many insights into the way a culture works just by looking at the way eating and drinking are treated. Here are some of my observations:

In Germany (and probably elsewhere in Europe, although I can't confidently make that generalization) breakfast, lunch, and dinner exist just as in the US. The difference is in meal size: The largest meal of the day is traditionally supposed to be breakfast, followed by a reasonably large lunch, then a small dinner. In practice, however, lunch seems to be the largest meal, while dinner is still just a few slices of bread with cold cuts, cheese, or other toppings. The prevalence of the small evening meal is evident in the language itself, where the word for dinner, "Abendbrot," literally translates to "Evening Bread." There are, of course, exceptions: On special occasions or holidays the celebratory meal is held in the evening, much like in the United States.

This is probably one of the reasons the university cafeterias only serve lunch, as opposed to the ones in the residence halls at the U of M, which serve all three meals.

Eating out here has a similar role as in the US, as long as you don't count fast food as "eating out". All I can say in the way of differences is that there seem to be a lot more outdoor restaurants in German cities than in American ones, although this is probably more because German cities have more pedestrian zones, being based around pedestrians instead of cars (more on that in a future article on transportation).

Fast food is another matter. In America, it takes the form of cheap, often greasy and unhealthy, food-in-a-box that's meant to stuff your stomach for a low price. While McDonald's does exist in Germany, most "fast food" is more like real food that is packaged to be eaten on the go. Bratwurst on a roll, buttered pretzels, and gyros are all more readily available in Munich than greasy, suspect burgers.

Students are usually a segment of the population whose eating habits differ significantly from the rest. In America, I lived in a residence hall and did not cook for myself (a logical consequence of not having a kitchen), but I don't think this is the case for most students living in off-campus apartments at the U of M. Their situation seems to be the same as for students here, where the students are on their own for morning and evening meals and most student residences have kitchens. The universities here just don't provide full meal service of the type that exists in American college dorms. This is probably related to the increased independence of German student life I mentioned in my first post.

So what does all this say about our cultures? My interpretation of these differences is that food and eating maintains a more traditional role in Germany, whereas in America some of this tradition has been compromised by practicality (a trend which seems to exist in Germany to a lesser extent). I think this conclusion applies not only to food, but to each culture in general.

The only thing left now is to clear up why I put an ellipsis in the title. Since I have so much to say about food and drink, I decided to push the "drink" part to the next post, which you can expect sometime next week.